tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76395030933316293672024-03-20T18:41:49.265-07:00Retaining Wall DesignAll the tools needed to design a retaining wall!Chris LOKhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11207884728918808239noreply@blogger.comBlogger27125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7639503093331629367.post-25004379722571494722023-06-20T13:42:00.000-07:002023-06-20T13:42:02.496-07:00How to Input Geographic location in Autocad Civil3D | How to insert Google eart...<iframe frameborder="0" height="470" src="https://youtube.com/embed/vNMAFqDGUe4" width="680"></iframe>Chris LOKhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11207884728918808239noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7639503093331629367.post-18567286324423097382016-12-08T01:38:00.004-08:002016-12-08T01:38:55.734-08:00Estimated Earth Pressures on Cut and Cover Sidewalls<div style="text-align: center;">
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Chris LOKhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11207884728918808239noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7639503093331629367.post-8562612217911684662016-11-21T01:28:00.000-08:002016-11-21T01:28:06.062-08:00Basic Roadway Design in #Civil3D<div style="text-align: center;">
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Chris LOKhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11207884728918808239noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7639503093331629367.post-68758641543208804192016-11-07T00:05:00.001-08:002016-11-07T00:05:27.329-08:00AutoCAD shortcuts<div style="text-align: center;">
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Chris LOKhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11207884728918808239noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7639503093331629367.post-4511435949835808292016-10-06T09:11:00.001-07:002016-10-06T09:11:10.192-07:00WATCH: Retaining Wall collapses on construction site in Turkey<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="480" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tDC76iSrhy4" width="640"></iframe>Chris LOKhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11207884728918808239noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7639503093331629367.post-56588143853220742232016-03-12T06:13:00.001-08:002016-03-12T06:13:13.346-08:00Virtual Dam Failure and Fun with Water<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="480" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/d_ZHsgKjNNk" width="640"></iframe>Chris LOKhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11207884728918808239noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7639503093331629367.post-12530734718095788522015-02-26T03:52:00.004-08:002015-02-26T03:52:48.958-08:00Useful tool for reinforced concrete bars...<div id="fb-root">
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Chris LOKhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11207884728918808239noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7639503093331629367.post-11011089086487749922013-11-28T05:00:00.002-08:002013-12-07T11:46:39.272-08:00PDF-Presentations on designing retaining walls<br />
-Seepage behind retaining walls and drainage solutions( available <a href="http://web.mst.edu/~rogersda/umrcourses/ge441/online_lectures/subsurface_drainage/GE441-Lecture5-5.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> )<br />
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-Earth Pressure and Retaining Wall Design (you can acces the pdf - <a href="http://earth%20pressure%20and%20retaining%20wall%20%20design/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> )<br />
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-Welded Mesh Gabions Retaining Wall Design Guide (you can acces the pdf - <a href="http://www.hy-tengabions.com/technical_publications/design_guide.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> )<br />
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-Designing Retaining Walls after <b>Eurocodes</b>(you can acces the pdf-<a href="http://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu/doc/2013_06_WS_GEO/presentations/03-Bond-Design-of-gravity-walls.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> )<br />
<br />
-Segmental Retaining Walls Design(available <a href="http://geoeng.ca/Directory/Bathurst/5igc-keynote-reprint.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> )<br />
<br />
-Design Theory and sample projects(available <a href="http://www.asherichmond.org/graphics/regionaltech08/2_Retaining%20Wall%20Ashton%20Lawler.PDF" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> )<br />
<br />
-Prevent failure of Retaining Walls (available <a href="http://www.branz.co.nz/cms_show_download.php?id=42782e62d0f5877e25581881905ef0e7268a688c" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> )<br />
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-Seismic design of Retaining Walls( available <a href="http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a152325.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> )<br />
<br />
-Timber retaining walls design for residential application( available <a href="http://www.finlayson.com.au/downloads/pdfs/TQ_TDS/tql_09_timber_retaining_walls_for_residential_applications0306.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> )<br />
<br />
-Design of Brickwork Retaining Walls( available <a href="http://brick.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/DG2_The%20Design%20of%20Brickwork%20Retaining%20Walls_September%201991.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> )<br />
<br />
-Concrete retaining walls applications( available <a href="http://www.concrete.net.au/publications/pdf/Retaining_Walls.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> )<br />
<br />
-NUMERICAL MODELLING OF SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF<br />
EARTH-RETAINING WALLS( available <a href="https://www.google.ro/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=167&ved=0CFwQFjAGOKAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roseschool.it%2Ffiles%2Fget%2Fid%2F4426&ei=qTyXUsI_y6uFB6icgcgE&usg=AFQjCNHySx9wH_FKP41Ds6A8QmfbC90LEA&sig2=XpP7rCHyyZJ6LWCpYi9ScQ" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> )<br />
<br />
-Reinforced Soil Retaining Walls-Design and Construction( available <a href="http://www.nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/105108075/module8/Lecture31.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> )<br />
<br />
-Geotechnical Guide to design a retaining wall( available <a href="http://www.cedd.gov.hk/eng/publications/geo/doc/manu_eg1.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> ) .Chris LOKhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11207884728918808239noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7639503093331629367.post-18216768381705352022013-10-01T05:07:00.004-07:002013-11-28T05:02:02.830-08:00Estimating Lateral Earth Pressures<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="486" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code/9489711" style="border-width: 1px 1px 0; border: 1px solid #CCC; margin-bottom: 5px;" width="597"> </iframe> </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
<strong> <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/andrytupang/lateral-earthpressures-by-sivakugan" target="_blank" title="Lateral earthpressures by sivakugan">Lateral earthpressures by sivakugan</a> </strong> from <strong><a href="http://www.slideshare.net/andrytupang" target="_blank">Andre Az</a></strong> </div>
Chris LOKhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11207884728918808239noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7639503093331629367.post-53484407111785482402013-10-01T04:46:00.000-07:002013-11-28T05:02:14.408-08:00Slideshow-Design of Cantilever Retaining Walls<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="486" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code/5124550" style="border-width: 1px 1px 0; border: 1px solid #CCC; margin-bottom: 5px;" width="597"> </iframe> </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
<strong> <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/RIZWANKHURRAM/design-of-retaining-wall" target="_blank" title="Design of retaining wall">Design of retaining wall</a> </strong> from <strong><a href="http://www.slideshare.net/RIZWANKHURRAM" target="_blank">RIZWAN KHURRAM</a></strong> </div>
Chris LOKhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11207884728918808239noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7639503093331629367.post-20152354268719138962013-07-12T13:33:00.001-07:002013-11-28T05:02:29.297-08:00Choosing the right software for your retaining wall analysis problems<div style="text-align: center;">
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Chris LOKhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11207884728918808239noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7639503093331629367.post-34073858125787672502013-07-09T03:37:00.001-07:002013-12-03T03:54:09.300-08:00Data needed to perform structural calculations concerning retaining wallsFor every structural calculation related to retaining walls some minimal data are needed from a geotechnical design report such as:<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><b>y</b>-unit weight of the soil behind and in front and at the base of the future wall [SI]=<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">kN/m<sup>3</sup></span>;</li>
<li><b>Ø-</b>angles of friction of the soils mentioned above [SI]=deg;</li>
<li><b>c<sub>u</sub></b> –undrained cohesion strength which is defined as the soil’s interior strength besides its own weight [SI]=kN/m<sup>2</sup></li>
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With these values known or determined (depending on the ground investigation report) the stuctural engineer can perform basic calculations in order to determine :</div>
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Ka-active earth pressure coefficient =>Pa-active earth pressure that will act on the future wall</div>
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Kp-passive earth pressure coefficient =>Pp-passive earth pressure that will act on the future wall</div>
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(for a detailed presentation on how to proper estimate those coefficients click <a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2013/10/estimating-lateral-earth-pressures.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> or go to the <a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2011/10/terms-explanation.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Terms Explanation Post</a> and/or for an automated solution <a href="http://epc.geotech-apps.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> ! )<br />
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and then by proper dimensioning the wall(or even area of reinforcement if needed depending on the type of the wall ) the following design checks can be performed:<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>overall failure of the ground containing the wall</li>
<li>failure of the wall by sliding</li>
<li>failure of the wall by toppling</li>
<li>bearing failure of the ground beneath the wall</li>
<li>structural failure of the wall .</li>
</ul>
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<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgR_8Tv1cqYe_cqa58Z-sVhyphenhyphenkIlXe7t4nWNNSPpRhraTbCrdCSYFwsig5BF3iPhj0y1L7MjDU8iqxuj7dQ0euxMzRTUd6nE_RoUyKyaatkg5UB725evmzo-WqAU4RM1Gg-nRJLbuhEoAM/s1600/Overall.checks.to.proper.design.a.retaining.wall.jpg" /></div>
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Note:more details on the subjects described above can be accesed by clicking <a href="http://e-civilengineeringprojects.blogspot.ro/2013/03/how-to-design-concrete-structures-using.html" target="_blank">here</a> and following the chapter 9 of the document!</div>
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Chris LOKhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11207884728918808239noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7639503093331629367.post-2937950395922422342013-07-08T00:28:00.001-07:002013-11-28T05:03:08.779-08:00Complete resume of analysis and design of a retaining wall<div style="text-align: center;">
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Chris LOKhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11207884728918808239noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7639503093331629367.post-50182784229218712662013-07-08T00:18:00.001-07:002013-11-28T05:03:27.657-08:00Creating a retaining wall subassembly in Autocad Civil 3D<div style="text-align: center;">
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Chris LOKhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11207884728918808239noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7639503093331629367.post-55734620025507629802013-06-09T01:19:00.002-07:002013-12-03T02:15:37.503-08:00Gabion Walls used for structural purposes in residential projectIn the pictures below you can see a truly inspiring example on how gabions can be integrated in the structural design of a residential project, that enroled the arhitect for a prestigious design prize:<br />
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<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2013/06/gabion-walls-used-for-structural.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ903eQXwq0_2aXfUwFQkFEGCbbs4wvldEGtBNW_AEik5opjy1kxtG1U9DcjXQb667eQ-6MwS1sQRnwHF1dEC6KgAqY6j1mAwtvBE3W69yToO0rkzdXVh6yMx58T0yw7yxykpNMVJIJnE/s1600/Great_Barrier_Island.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2013/06/gabion-walls-used-for-structural.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="472" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqXAJJWmOqAho6HAYEYcWKkykC4riCIr9-BXcdveaGYD5VsNpfVWSLeketvgC78EAESBTNiTvYn0KC9wzo3FXKxgMOnFFkCC4qscCuPWLtf9eG0QkLXRbER4LcdA5YJdtNoJDXBzDW0_8/s1600/Lindale-Floor-Plan.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2013/06/gabion-walls-used-for-structural.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDtAD2uXMdhZPs-pEYuCXGd7E-68Mz_eYJjNfRRaoc78573PBJHVmm8jAuYNoCMiEZdvf1hSSzvyNFEOlyr5vD4opzYI20T0AmlQcSO4Voh9pmGFmaGyF9brgPy2McLkHPrbHTL5emBhs/s1600/lindale-gabions+exterior+wall.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2013/06/gabion-walls-used-for-structural.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEillIii592N5kPlKuhZNYKYFUlTtPiRn4jS_IA45JXzi2lhFR2qD3ecCB5CunOY7i3xahPcRG793umA1WRCn1RUcsi3iiE9IV65bcUgpgJrXJFWqZ4t9JXmwHZtqQGziI_GYJvoyWLofOQ/s1600/gabions+wall+detail.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2013/06/gabion-walls-used-for-structural.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXyLoHezEedwZgtjWlPtudLMejYpRLgOxdtW7DKJaDUxYbYI1GfTlSzEP5QE2xQHNltRMLTsyO-fc422G2ftF0NIN1VpxNl5ftTr3Yzcv0n972GhxmzNn8dFaivmvZ1dXNRYUvEzjGjUQ/s1600/gabions+exterior+wall.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<br />Chris LOKhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11207884728918808239noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7639503093331629367.post-16389648180582425362013-01-26T08:04:00.004-08:002013-12-03T02:12:19.766-08:00Gabions used for house&landscape design<script type="text/javascript"><!--
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Retaining walls can give your landscape more than extra useable space,a grat way to achieve a thriving garden filled with your favorite vegetation and/or shruberry, gabions retaining walls are the most suited for your landscape arhitecture and the results can be spectacular from upraised gardens with planters to in-wall seating for around the patio or pool.Their main advantage is that they can be filled with rubble stone or any other material even bricks so that they can integrate very well in your desired landscape design and your favorite vegetation can grow on them and improve the overall design.<br />
Below are some samples of what can be achieved following those guidelines:<br />
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<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2013/01/gabions-used-for-landscape.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgncTSRVmAGFXE4DONKynJ0vutQaK_3YcCiDsnqiV0hMSKB4vlankoix7qZ24B_hrYz0DHvvCI1Szx12qzrVK7kqe5CzY5Hw8Oyo771Rv4O7gwCSNPxKL_rqXdRUONpmWnObXCngt8CI0w/s1600/gabions+filling.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="300" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/mini?mid=677bc11c07123524aa8dc6b7781b234f&etyp=im&width=400&height=300" width="400"></iframe></div>
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<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2013/01/gabions-used-for-landscape.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="481" src="http://st.houzz.com/simgs/22f1d4fd0ec28ef9_8-0539/traditional-landscape.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="color: #444444;">
<small><a href="http://www.houzz.com/photos/traditional/landscape" style="color: #444444; text-decoration: none;">Traditional Landscape design</a> by <a href="http://www.houzz.com/professionals/photographer/portland" style="color: #444444; text-decoration: none;">Portland Photographer</a> <a href="http://www.houzz.com/pro/gbdfl/grounds-by-design-fine-landscapes" style="color: #444444; text-decoration: none;">Grounds by Design - Fine Landscapes</a></small></div>
Chris LOKhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11207884728918808239noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7639503093331629367.post-53159996663742181562012-09-12T02:03:00.004-07:002013-12-03T02:08:32.362-08:00Reinforced concrete design of a cantilever retaining wall<script type="text/javascript"><!--
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In order to proper design the reinforcing of a cantilever retaining wall we recommend studying the example that you can acces <a href="http://www.ce-ref.com/rc-wall-reinf.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> and follow the design steps calculation needed to perform this task .<br />
Note that at the end you shouldn't have more than 3-4 marks of rebars and the designed diameter of the rebars should be with a difference of min. 4mm on the same design strength(because the rebar configuration tends to be confusing for the simple worker) ,also you should check for the design code needed for your country as the example is made after <a href="http://www.quality-concrete.net/library/cracking_problems/318_05.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ACI 318-05</a> that can be used for U.S.A soil terrain.<br />
At the end of the design you should have a complete rebar configuration that can be viewed in the image bellow:<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="300" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/mini?mid=d20050fe6327e54577591d1bf8931b62&etyp=im&width=400&height=300" width="400"></iframe><br />
<br />
For a quick estimation of the rebar configuration you can try using the following application by clicking <a href="http://www.webcivil.com/rcretain.aspx" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> .Chris LOKhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11207884728918808239noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7639503093331629367.post-23993675117229873422012-06-30T12:45:00.001-07:002013-02-15T09:32:42.008-08:00Gravity retaining wall designs-Concrete elevation<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGt2GMGSXSfWYPgl6w992xQBNMWCvUHG_EFPL2Cu7eQHjzKscGcipKl2PcaxnNSgXuNNR9HSJY2yYM2O8rf3KvLOHPjR9oGRpb8ULw9pzJ3SpcjwPPe2JrdnU-4leXkkgVBdmQt7RMP2A/s1600/Gravity+retaining+wall-concrete+elevation+3d+view.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGt2GMGSXSfWYPgl6w992xQBNMWCvUHG_EFPL2Cu7eQHjzKscGcipKl2PcaxnNSgXuNNR9HSJY2yYM2O8rf3KvLOHPjR9oGRpb8ULw9pzJ3SpcjwPPe2JrdnU-4leXkkgVBdmQt7RMP2A/s1600/Gravity+retaining+wall-concrete+elevation+3d+view.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5Aff4TSsGc6tcO1DUshutyrlXAYoIM3DOEUZDneY0jwVoRhPTwMwT9SpPZHdjGamS5806wSzlQHyDGfydSbw48NOaYoipXupglFmp0pj1hm41937BZk_efcaWX7HgzHFIyJph90zBzNw/s1600/Gravity+retaining+wall-concrete+elevation-elevation+3D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5Aff4TSsGc6tcO1DUshutyrlXAYoIM3DOEUZDneY0jwVoRhPTwMwT9SpPZHdjGamS5806wSzlQHyDGfydSbw48NOaYoipXupglFmp0pj1hm41937BZk_efcaWX7HgzHFIyJph90zBzNw/s1600/Gravity+retaining+wall-concrete+elevation-elevation+3D.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTsN7iPhgXYcsYsUp95mOxqcFUaZp2rMuM2OzVjItPVamvyvGz6KAqZ4IoK6yOBNtSrrE5ESz0uZF9pcE7YN6VV1pjQRKaRr9DTqDjS97gXQzitXhbjoWEy5q0t4u1EKAtX8AaYrSZ0Ro/s1600/Gravity+retaining+wall-concrete+elevation-elevation+3D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTsN7iPhgXYcsYsUp95mOxqcFUaZp2rMuM2OzVjItPVamvyvGz6KAqZ4IoK6yOBNtSrrE5ESz0uZF9pcE7YN6VV1pjQRKaRr9DTqDjS97gXQzitXhbjoWEy5q0t4u1EKAtX8AaYrSZ0Ro/s1600/Gravity+retaining+wall-concrete+elevation-elevation+3D.jpg" /></a></div>
Chris LOKhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11207884728918808239noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7639503093331629367.post-90401013012406467572012-06-27T08:59:00.001-07:002018-02-19T04:24:23.092-08:00Retaining wall solutions in seismic areasAlthough sometimes the real behaviour in earthquake time of different soils can be hard to estimate accurately there are some measures that can be taken that could ensure a long term efficiency of retaining walls.<br />
For this we can take notes from a case study of a road embankment along a river side in an important sesismic area that was designed with a cantilever reinforced concrete retaining wall at the bottom and gabions along the clear path of the embakment to protect the road's embakment for high waters and also sesimic activities ensuring that the road will last the period of time it was designed for and can sustain high traffic loads in any conditions.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRdNtg8mNf8rTPvX2-FAeORlputnA36mT0tur9FiBFKvDhGA4mw0E9rqbqWW2AiMKFvSvZC57zm4tW6fIKBE9KnjOUzoPsZ2m-WQuPmZaYr2ppuVOYrCbjdyY54gRZm39GmiILQbG0fWE/s1600/Seismic+study.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRdNtg8mNf8rTPvX2-FAeORlputnA36mT0tur9FiBFKvDhGA4mw0E9rqbqWW2AiMKFvSvZC57zm4tW6fIKBE9KnjOUzoPsZ2m-WQuPmZaYr2ppuVOYrCbjdyY54gRZm39GmiILQbG0fWE/s1600/Seismic+study.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2012/06/retaining-wall-solutions-in-seismic.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg37AjR03j32KPcKN8tE4AgJNJ4SudePrToeX70t7DhsdDugvbxTvqy05g13J6hAM-wkVp2b1PmF78eGMjV2qOXtYZJQdRQNdwzi8REeYNp-hgBan6D5F_lwnHhY4fRVzGcpkJk6GAkQQA/s640/Cantilever+wall.bmp" width="640" /></a></div>
A few details of the design can be visualised more accurately from the typical cross section below:<br />
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<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2012/06/retaining-wall-solutions-in-seismic.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8NA1o8KiQAU0atXdkZ29Uz9RAbLRFpPUPMSAcwV5W_4SWLd6-mCxzN6lcyklrmjCnR2O_KGDbumQvWWd1jaIXucp5f_2a69rshJuDauVcB-H1bzkZN0JnuQdjNCQxYHxApcvdgSstCro/s640/Cantilever+wall-cross+section.bmp" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI2od9N3nztszZIl297gNi_jKjlfIBZyDOZm7JCFg_1lC4kxxLnaPtpsM1l1TMZOCb3sZ-MfBT_zY_x-R29BEkhWIwCu8Tqwv9oCxOeJe69WaKPOUeI9JQBqPaaBzQrV75I3MWEhy4FtU/s1600/Cantilever+Wall3D.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="653" data-original-width="1317" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI2od9N3nztszZIl297gNi_jKjlfIBZyDOZm7JCFg_1lC4kxxLnaPtpsM1l1TMZOCb3sZ-MfBT_zY_x-R29BEkhWIwCu8Tqwv9oCxOeJe69WaKPOUeI9JQBqPaaBzQrV75I3MWEhy4FtU/s640/Cantilever+Wall3D.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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Chris LOKhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11207884728918808239noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7639503093331629367.post-9188586377321671592011-10-12T08:14:00.003-07:002013-12-03T04:03:49.968-08:00Retaining wall clasification after the used material Using the <b><u>material</u></b> as criteria for a clasification we have the following retaining wall types:<br />
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<ul>
<li><b><u>Lumber</u> retaining wall</b>,type of wall that can be also: </li>
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<li><b style="font-style: italic;">anchored :</b>-very popular due to instalation ease and lower material cost</li>
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-can be easily manufactured using recycled timber from an old structure framing<br />
<ol></ol>
-is commenly used in lanscape areas<br />
-the required length and spacing both vertical and horizontal of the anchors are calculated based upon the wall height,lateral earth pressure and surcharge loading<br />
-the anchors("deadmen") are attached to the face timbers by spices and/or drift pins<br />
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<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2011/10/retaining-wall-clasification-after-used.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0NDu5a81OfnC3gLKNo1mzUjQ38EjyW_mr3BSy_NFzY7tncm17ODecWMe96JnTvpLxTd1vjYkyH5xFKVosjUJ7EhjnTqKouk9mnKOYHRssf4s_OW7iBYToVFvgHAxNwQsCCwc5051IT5g/s1600/lum_anch.gif" /></a> </div>
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2.<b> <i>crib-wall</i></b>: -very similar to the anchored lumber retaining wall in terms of ease and lower material cost and technique of assembly( members attached together by means of spikes and/or drift pins);</div>
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-better suited for areas where adequate space is not available or where the imposed loads are expected to be greater.<br />
- is constructed as an interconnected box with all sections working together to support the intended loads. </div>
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-also commonly used in landscaped areas. </div>
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<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2011/10/retaining-wall-clasification-after-used.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKwgIw4Ibb0ktZIUe2upcFv23wvXjcdqv1FDHtIXGHENj7hFyetNpiEHjUbdV0QhEvs4goFdj-E0C2V2Z-dQDA36TlUn-dG6O9LORJez5fXUyedwPUo2fyQP31PswIY0P7q9nlG8Ga87M/s320/criblem.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
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3.<i><b>wall-post and lagging</b></i>-made of wooden posts and wooden laggings;<br />
-the posts can be installed with a footing depth depending of the nature of the soil(even without a footing);<br />
- specially suitable when space and time (very fast construction needed) constraints are present;</div>
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- can be also used as a wind barrier .</div>
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<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2011/10/retaining-wall-clasification-after-used.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNPn9Pwmq8iyZke0nYaxtV1bSkgD-fFMKTtUo9xKBGjDgEIAdgMFFnxS-86fdd3C_uN4glqEsFihRNQZXOlqXS2dwgG4NkcH3TvzLlfdAn3waHsGUIkxuR96qyrHm_uwPqg-tZgQOUtLw/s320/plag_ftg.gif" width="231" /></a></div>
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-an example of a study case calculation for such a structure can be accesed <a href="http://e-civilengineeringprojects.blogspot.ro/2013/03/retaining-wall-propping-for-closed.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> !</div>
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<li> <b><u>Steel</u> retaining wall</b>,such as:</li>
</ul>
1.<i><b>cantilever sheet pile</b></i>:-<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">where</span><span style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"> STEEL SHEETS are used as vertical members embedded into the ground to resist lateral soil pressure through cantilever action;</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-size: small;"> -usually used to retain noncoeziv soils as sand and gravel. </span></div>
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<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2011/10/retaining-wall-clasification-after-used.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="151" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL8JfiOvgMXnj18_AJqefXcaibVDDWoUXTzs-VUKJZAtQ_rjKGK1iDn-g2fhmVh4iUi4d1ulAl5yJ81V5CIluyjDtOHZ6Wluar9n8e9DBQeEAZtvEXyf7mPb4Vufx0jrVyS3iStXt6BpY/s200/stlshet.gif" width="200" /></a></div>
2.<i><b>steel soldier pile with concrete or lumber lagging</b></i>:-build with vertical I-SECTION STEEL POSTS embedded into the ground at regular spacings and horizontal CONCRETE/LUMBER LAGGINGS are placed between the steel plange members to retain soil.<br />
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3<i><b>.anchored steel sheet pile</b></i>-<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">where</span><span style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"> STEEL SHEETS are used as vertical members embedded into the ground to resist lateral soil pressure through cantilever action,but they are also pinned using cables or other stays wich are anchored into the rock or the soil behind it.</span></div>
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<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2011/10/retaining-wall-clasification-after-used.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrS1ytwZUDDZlyYpoiNZNWtzPhpDCULBg-oWpoHUYfBjYon79qFH3zjeko-l3CH7zK0_mj3vBc8UKpRB_MUkNJ96rel_B2XPdsBkpSkV5nsI-uz5A1YVVl1WWa30fwe7wY_M6Us10LjYw/s320/sheetpiles.jpg.w180h180.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">4.<b><i>anchored steel soldier pile</i>-</b>similar to the anchored steel sheet pile but insted of the steel sheets are used soldier pile. </span></div>
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<ul>
<li><b>Concrete retaining wall</b> such as:</li>
</ul>
1.<i><b>cantilever</b></i>-constructed of reinforced concrete and it supports backfill soil by a cantilever action;</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
-the cantilevered stem portion is fixed at the bottom and is free at the top;</div>
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-the base slab serves as a fixed support and prevents against sliding and overturning;</div>
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-there is an option to install a key at the bottom of the base slab to ensure further safety against sliding;</div>
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-these walls provide prolonged durability and serviceability;</div>
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-they are widely used due to their ease in construction and cost-effectiveness. <br />
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<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2011/10/retaining-wall-clasification-after-used.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyudN4zo4zlHxZkomwaSzUcdbbY-gY2rltjNo1YCpL2HNcx8qLdmi3uH8LestOluw3e2fxabtJCHTFKc1cGki3wvmELckjghn0LqVdxSzsIkJC8yKeedmwy3X0bSRbKC_kNj40dS-0va8/s1600/concant.gif" /></a></div>
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- for an in depth analysis on how to proper design such a wall click <a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2013/10/slideshow-design-of-cantilever.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> or <a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2012/09/rinforced-concrete-design-of-cantilever.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> ! </div>
2.<i><b>gravity</b></i>: </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
-is constructed using mass concrete placement and generally without reinforcement,but sometimes with a slight reinforcement placed where the concrete is porred in different stages;</div>
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-the support of backfill and other imposed loads on these walls is provided by the sheer weight of the unit,is wide at the base and it tapers towards the top;</div>
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-the overturning moment acting on this type of wall is counter-balanced by the resisting moment on account of the self-weight of the wall.</div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
3.<i><b>crib-wall</b></i>:</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<i><b> </b></i>- is an assemblage of individual concrete members of particular standard sizes,is generally used for lower backfill heights, in areas where horizontal space is limited, and where foundation excavations are more difficult( can be constructed at multiple heights along any cross-section)</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
-the strong interlocking feature between individual crib members provides good stability to the overall structure;</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
-the positive drainage of water from the backfill material through the gaps between members alleviates the need for a separate drainage system,but the minimum construction time, cost-effectiveness and less embedment depth make this type of wall popular for many different applications. </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2011/10/retaining-wall-clasification-after-used.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXwFA2pVHoliq7p5EDqGAOVgmt-TXXZxS1SDOOSVPFe4Rq9LSRBE2vlIfyco3kAqSobSCA0X58_a6gHt7xyvIwiCkbdnkA67dt24GHcj-yDhCBvOQnfDl9Iovb_TYS6ZDqWlKjdwRgROg/s1600/cribcon.gif" /></a></div>
4.<i><b>butressed-</b></i>(reinforced/unreinforced):<br />
-is a special type of Cantilever Retaining Wall with additional support in the form of buttress which are perpendicular to the retaining wall and are monolithic with the structure;<br />
-is usually used against heavy lateral loads,it can support a greater height of backfill;<br />
-depending on the height of the backfill and possibility of surcharge and/or possible seismic activities some reinforcement can be added to increase its structural strength.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2011/10/retaining-wall-clasification-after-used.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9dsiBkObjQzIx8ml0T0TDD7b_-4lR59OEN_nnjZjOnZ94IBx5k5CdQHTgEWKhS5cvOkQY20Qo-iuzWuwtkszXtMnfwlHNuy1_HB_CliDdcrLOLP-wsIFKiORPcyyNLWf4qCwA-645EL8/s320/butur.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
<ul>
<li><b>Masonry retaining wall</b> such as:</li>
</ul>
1.<i><b>reinforced cantilever:</b></i><br />
<i><b> </b></i>-this type of retaining wall assembly mainly consists of standard masonry blocks reinforced with steel and a core of concrete;<br />
-these walls are similar to concrete cantilever retaining walls in shape and also behave in much the same manner. <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2011/10/retaining-wall-clasification-after-used.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha6ZwTTmf0uV3_DOBofU5sNlxsKN0IErT5q7INbC8lXVVZnsIk5D4aK3hazzGqhCqD5QHgN0OeMkwnmxsfKHdZ8v6MDLeambzP5U4PdwQNqfDe0EEkDRNLUzgXNnxbaP5iqJzT8YxC9kk/s1600/masncant.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
-for a in depth presentation on how to proper design such a wall please follow this <a href="http://brikmakers.com/docs/cmaaguide/cmaa_ma51.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">link</a> </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
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2.<i><b>mass block segmental gravity retaining wall</b></i>:<br />
-is constructed from interlocking, dry-stacked (without mortar), precast block elements of standard shapes and dimensions, which are arranged in a running bond configuration;<br />
-it resist destabilizing forces due to retained soils solely through the self-weight and embedment of the block elements so there for this wall is used for relatively low-height walls. <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2011/10/retaining-wall-clasification-after-used.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlvfK192Mz0DLA2_0wBe1Xzi2-cE-au0tcwU4kGOrXRTwYDFEOAvyZwgh6r7ohf0l8IPCsUKXTYjkc9bMKtRPniVM4Sa71GSpf0XNnQzACs1l6TrKEydbjHG4bg2FmurMJWnSpXrfsoiI/s320/masblkur.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
3.<i><b>mass block retaining wall reinforced</b></i>-<br />
-<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;">this type of retaining wall consists of precast block elements of standard shapes and dimensions with interior holes which act as keys ensures bondage between the elements and give stability to the whole wall system;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;">-this wall also has provisions for reinforcement in the form of small precast holes through which steel rods can be inserted. </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2011/10/retaining-wall-clasification-after-used.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpaxvVOaWoVlp3QEp5vZ73Nddw9aVq7lFy8U8Za6sMx6DIIle_FSDpXvltTIgA-Tj8L3NMW5-N_mbN_U2jNfupB2PtQluoNTbU7sfi3K4MXTkD6udfbK-vyv4Fwjy2KHH7s4UGTPFW27A/s320/masblkrf.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
-for a in depth analysis on how to proper design such a structure click <a href="https://www.google.ro/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=253&ved=0CDYQFjACOPoB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmaa.com.au%2F_literature_39217%2FMA53_-_Segmental_Concrete_Gravity_Retaining_Walls_-_Design_and_Construction_Guide&ei=mLqdUry0OKr-ygOuhoBQ&usg=AFQjCNFxm_FS1t89BIiKnE-65VGP2ppFYA&sig2=-ZINBGYce_M_WWsFMvVozw" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> !</div>
<ul>
<li><b>Special retaining wall structure</b>:</li>
</ul>
-TERRACED RETAINING WALL-CONCRETE<br />
-TERRACED RETAINING WALL-MASONRY<br />
-TERRACED RETAINING WALL-LUMBER<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">-</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">- </span></span>TERRACED RETAINING WALL-STEEL<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2011/10/retaining-wall-clasification-after-used.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKMRCtm9o373eWyIUmlcmq8NXcPOS-fUQc5_NKRZi4xr23UfRH3hK9lAYAXkSJD1u1jlTHyGN__DdjrDQaOcfCIu0URUC-ONj3toXDXh2R5fI3ITsQlb6QpGaYYJiB9oHKx_R4eSEOAVk/s400/Terraces36.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br />
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
Chris LOKhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11207884728918808239noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7639503093331629367.post-56057533639734803542011-10-12T05:53:00.000-07:002013-03-16T03:13:04.517-07:00Calculation Steps<script type="text/javascript"><!--
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<br />
<br />
Before begining to design a retaining wall we need to establish the different restraints that we might have in terms of :<br />
<div>
<ul>
<li>site geometry and initial conditions ;</li>
<li>the nature of soil(soft, rock or different layers);</li>
<li>the posibility of using as much site material as possible;</li>
<li>for slopes with heights above 1.5m we need to determine the depth of the water behind the future retaining wall in order to determine the hydrostatic pressure</li>
<li>nature of soil in front and at the base of the future retaining wall .</li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul></ul>
</div>
Chris LOKhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11207884728918808239noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7639503093331629367.post-70689753545569948442011-10-08T10:35:00.002-07:002013-12-03T02:03:34.238-08:00Cantilever retaining wall<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2011/10/cantilever-wall.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh06ND5cwJjilkUTmXbXcrBDREs7I1y5LhRTz27OHKKZXbHLZCih3a4ZEPlpb_3iYCZsKLm-lT9mUVymCluqrVCMgD5yYHPgYMrArO2dj15ftWb4GoJrbzkzcVObE5pIXquT2rnG1H84DM/s400/cantileverwall.jpg" width="336" /></a></div>
<b> </b><br />
<b></b><strong> Cantilever Retaining Wall-</strong> is made from an internal stem of steel-reinforced, cast-in-place concrete or mortared masonry (often in the shape of an inverted T).<br />
These walls cantilever loads (like a beam) to a large, structural footing, converting horizontal pressures from behind the wall to vertical pressures on the ground below. Sometimes the cantilever retaining wall is butressed on the front, or include a counterfort on the back, to improve the strength resisting high loads.<br />
Buttresses are short wing walls at right angles to the main trend of the wall. These walls require rigid concrete footings below seasonal frost depth. This type of wall uses much less material than a traditional gravity wall.<br />
These rigid concrete footings must be positioned into firm suitable foundations.The wall operates like a beam — cantilevering the load to a large, fixed structural base — converting horizontal pressures from behind the wall into vertical pressures onto the ground below.Sometimes cantilevered walls are buttressed(include short wing-like walls at right angles to the main trend of the wall) on the front, or include a counterfeit on the back, to improve their stability against heavy loads.<br />
A free design aplication that we strongly recommend to properly design a cantilever retaining wall is:<br />
<ul>
<li><strong> iCADonline</strong>-a free web based cantilever retaining wall analysis software that enables you to check :</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>sliding and</li>
<li>overturning,</li>
<li>bearing capacity control for: <span data-mce-style="text-decoration: underline;" style="text-decoration: underline;">static</span> and <span data-mce-style="text-decoration: underline;" style="text-decoration: underline;">dynamic</span> analysis case-that can be used by clicking <a data-mce-href="http://www.cantileverwall.com/iCadOnline/iCadOnline.php" href="http://www.cantileverwall.com/iCadOnline/iCadOnline.php" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><strong><span data-mce-style="text-decoration: underline;" style="text-decoration: underline;">here</span></strong></a></li>
</ol>
or for more advanced design and calculation you can use the free :<br />
<ul>
<li><strong>GEO5</strong>-a free demo version of GEO5 software wich is a very complete program that includes the Cantilever aplication that is used by most professionals in geotechnical engineering and that you can be downloaded by clicking <a data-mce-href="http://www.finesoftware.eu/download/demo/" href="http://www.finesoftware.eu/download/demo/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> .</li>
</ul>
<h2>
Main features of GEO5:</h2>
-Verification analysis can be performed employing EN 1997-1, LRFD or classical approach (limit states, factor of safety)<br />
-EN 1997 – option to choose partial factors based on National Annexes<br />
-EN 1997 – option to choose all design approaches, consider design situations<br />
-Analysis of internal stability (overturning, translation, load-bearing capacity of foundation soil)<br />
-Verification of concrete cross-sections according to various standards (EC2, BS 8110, IS456, CSN, PN)<br />
-Analysis according to the theory of limit states and safety factor<br />
-Generally layered soil environment<br />
-Built-in database of soil parameters<br />
-Arbitrary number of surcharges applied to structures (strip, trapezoidal, concentrated load)<br />
-Arbitrary number of inserted forces (anchors, safety fences, etc.)<br />
-Modelling of water in front of and behind structures, modelling of artesian water<br />
-Possibility to not consider pressure in the front<br />
-General shape of terrain behind the structure<br />
-Berms in front of the structure<br />
-Various types of pressures in front of the structure (at rest, passive, reduced passive)<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2011/10/cantilever-wall.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNXYaiMegmSlUdsurqbaHKdt5_aALEcBC_1_rPw0dLmWVDdMdcRFt7GBXszoEXm9Te57eLLnvGNZIPAgvWvBIQKoGyzFFp5tJUZLIP_qJxSD1EtZMa3pPXL1MXeorQuF11fVuSQ3eHvlM/s400/cantilever-wall-01.gif" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2011/10/cantilever-wall.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz0i1ab3dTYomKM03lf5l8-hHASVVs_tyi3XCwRV3ToS1vhkzfUT7yPQywWjuswPK1WovXofxVrGnLm9sr5gZAWWA3vzfVHvkRmk2TnTd_g_hZhfMQYYCsYoHbpNbVyPlT7yQ1ZL0aCPs/s400/cantilever-wall-02.gif" width="400" /></a></div>
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<ul></ul>
Chris LOKhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11207884728918808239noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7639503093331629367.post-76049164551850201652011-10-08T09:11:00.003-07:002013-12-03T02:00:28.537-08:00Anchored retaining wall<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2011/10/anchored-walls.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVk0fVKpqxtjvRO3ag2PQU1_SSCgIH0sn0jUXcQ7ml48g8cNQb1jgS758zvu0rEJPGIP28K7YY4PLVfUTJaW-zSL6prqBH2x5pj-e1rZ7jkmfxqX3UTdHdvhHZ9MhH2J8CqZzKba_nP-I/s400/anchoredwall.jpg" width="336" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><b> </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><b> <span style="font-size: large;"> Anchored wall</span></b><span style="font-size: large;">-is a wall that is usually pinned both top and bottom using cables, or other stays, which are anchored in the rock or soil behind it.Anchors are driven into the material and then expanded at the end of the cable, either by mechanical means or by injecting pressurised concrete into the hole. The concrete expands to form a bulb in the soil.<br />
The anchor wall may be embedded at the base and tied to a slab at the top or to a “deadman anchor” — a concrete structure which is driven into the ground or anchored to the earth with sufficient resistance. The horizontal cable, rod or helical anchor, and deadman structure resists forces that would otherwise cause the wall to become unstable.This method, though technically complex, is useful where high loads are expected, or where the wall itself has to be slender and would be too weak without anchoring.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"> For this type of wall we recommend the same programs as for the piling walls for they are the most suited for this subject and because anchored walls are sugested when the piling walls will not fit the both desired partial and global stability safety factors,and they are:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Prosheet- </b>a free <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #414141; line-height: normal;">comprehensive </span>software </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #414141;"> for Cantilever and Anchored <u>Sheet</u> Wall Systems according to the Blum theory. The ProSheet 2.2 defines all the forces required for determing a sheet piling structure.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">The results produced by this method have to be checked carefully by the user in order to make sure that modelization of the soil-structure interaction is accurate enough (e.g. arching effects leading to higher anchor forces and lower bending moments in the wall).</span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">For the design of the head wall three static systems are possible:</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
- cantilever<br />
- free earth support with one layer of anchor or struts<br />
- fixed earth support with one layer of anchor or struts.<br />
</span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">The anchor wall may be free-earth or fixed-earth supported.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">The following loads are taken into consideration for the head wall as well as for the anchor wall:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">- earth pressure behind the wall</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">- earth pressure in front of the wall</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">- water pressure behind the wall</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">- water pressure in front of the wall</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">- uniform infinite surcharges on the soil surface (Caquot) </span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">- concentrated linear surcharges (max 5) at any location (Boussinesq)</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">- point forces at any location of the wall (Concentrated Forces)</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">- a pressure diagram on the back of the wall.</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"></span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">The program defines the design characteristics based on the input data given by the user and the results are printed out in graphical as well as tabular form.</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
The design can be made in either metric or imperial units-you can download the sofware by clicking <b><a href="http://www.arcelormittal.com/sheetpiling/page/index/name/software">here</a> </b>.<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><b>SLOPE/W</b>-from GEO-SLOPE a comprehensive program that you can download for free only a trial version and you can view a sheet pile wall design example by clicking -<b><u><a href="http://www.geo-slope.com/support/geostudio2007/examples/detail.aspx?id=examples:sheetpilewall" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> </u>(</b>a specific case study for such a wall after EC7 can be viewed <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/gema/workshop/beadman" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> !</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><strong>GEO5</strong>-<strong>Sheeting Design</strong>-program used to design sheet pile structures,it provides required pile embedment lengths (for fixed and hinged toes), pile bending moments, internal forces and anchor loads program that can be downloaded by clicking <a data-mce-href="http://www.finesoftware.eu/download/file/demo/geo5/25?lang=en&x=65&y=11" href="http://www.finesoftware.eu/download/file/demo/geo5/25?lang=en&x=65&y=11" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span data-mce-style="text-decoration: underline;" style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>here</strong></span></a> .</li>
</ul>
<h2>
Main features of the GEO5-Sheeting Design:</h2>
<div>
-Analysis according to the theory of limit states and safety factor<br />
-Generally layered soil environment<br />
-Verification analysis can be performed employing EN 1997-1, LRFD or classical approach (limit states, factor of safety)<br />
-EN 1997 – option to choose partial factors based on National Annexes<br />
-EN 1997 – option to choose all design approaches, consider design situations<br />
-Built-in database of soil parameters<br />
-Arbitrary number of surcharges applied to structures (strip, trapezoidal, concentrated load)<br />
-Modelling of water in front of and behind structures, modelling of artesian water<br />
-General shape of terrain behind the structure<br />
-Earthquake effects (Mononobe-Okabe, Arrango)<br />
-Analysis of earth pressures in effective and total parameters<br />
-Multiple levels of struts<br />
-Application of specified forces and moments<br />
-Analysis of soldier beams<br />
-Verification of external stability of a wall using program <a data-mce-href="http://www.finesoftware.eu/geotechnical-software/slope-stability/" href="http://www.finesoftware.eu/geotechnical-software/slope-stability/">Slope Stability</a> .</div>
<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2011/10/anchored-walls.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-100" data-mce-src="http://www.retainingwalldesign.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/sheeting-design-02.gif" height="640" src="http://www.retainingwalldesign.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/sheeting-design-02.gif" title="sheeting-design-02" width="576" /></a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2011/10/anchored-walls.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-101" data-mce-src="http://www.retainingwalldesign.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/sheeting-design-03.gif" height="480" src="http://www.retainingwalldesign.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/sheeting-design-03.gif" title="sheeting-design-03" width="640" /></a><b><u> </u></b><br />
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</span>Chris LOKhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11207884728918808239noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7639503093331629367.post-42888230933784836452011-10-07T04:12:00.002-07:002013-12-03T01:55:17.562-08:00Sheet pile wall<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2011/10/sheet-piling-walls.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifuaqFpKuQm2dm8AnbjvqHGnVUOoEXSmoYQgprZFwH3tgxATdi91F9vjh8I0oLXNVa3_sbJerabOfr0HUEj-yZsanHx5awlI66EE81cW4tnqQSRdGpwMVqYSqkqiwhNgT4wWEFsLNOqe0/s320/pilingwall.jpg" width="269" /></a></div>
<b><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>Piling walls-</b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px;"> are usually used in soft soils and tight spaces. A sheet pile wall is made out of steel, vinyl or wood planks which are driven into the ground. For a quick estimate the material is usually driven 1/3 above ground, 2/3 below ground, but this may be altered depending on the environment. A taller sheet pile wall will need a tie-back anchor, or "dead-man" placed in the soil a distance behind the face of the wall, that is tied to the wall, usually by a cable or a rod. Anchors are placed behind the potential failure plane in the soil.</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19px;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19px;"> There are a lot of softwares that can usually asses the type of sheet pile wall you need to use in order to design a good retaining wall,we recommend the following:</span><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><b>Prosheet- </b>a free <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #414141; line-height: normal;">comprehensive </span>software </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #414141;"> for Cantilever and Anchored <u>Sheet</u> Wall Systems according to the Blum theory. The ProSheet 2.2 defines all the forces required for determing a sheet piling structure.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The results produced by this method have to be checked carefully by the user in order to make sure that modelization of the soil-structure interaction is accurate enough (e.g. arching effects leading to higher anchor forces and lower bending moments in the wall).</span><br />
<ul></ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">For the design of the head wall three static systems are possible:</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
- cantilever<br />
- free earth support with one layer of anchor or struts<br />
- fixed earth support with one layer of anchor or struts.<br />
</span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The anchor wall may be free-earth or fixed-earth supported.</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The following loads are taken into consideration for the head wall as well as for the anchor wall:</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">- earth pressure behind the wall</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">- earth pressure in front of the wall</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">- water pressure behind the wall</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">- water pressure in front of the wall</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">- uniform infinite surcharges on the soil surface (Caquot) </span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">- concentrated linear surcharges (max 5) at any location (Boussinesq)</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">- point forces at any location of the wall (Concentrated Forces)</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
- a pressure diagram on the back of the wall.</div>
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
The program defines the design characteristics based on the input data given by the user and the results are printed out in graphical as well as tabular form.</div>
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #414141; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
The design can be made in either metric or imperial units-you can download the sofware by clicking <b><a href="http://www.arcelormittal.com/sheetpiling/page/index/name/software" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> </b>.<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><b>SLOPE/W</b>-from GEO-SLOPE a comprehensive program that you can download for free only a trial version and you can view a sheet pile wall design example by clicking -<b><u><a href="http://www.geo-slope.com/support/geostudio2007/examples/detail.aspx?id=examples:sheetpilewall" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a></u></b></li>
</ul>
</div>
</span>Chris LOKhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11207884728918808239noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7639503093331629367.post-4964095258113029992011-10-05T09:34:00.002-07:002013-12-04T07:17:50.042-08:00Gravity Wall Design<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Gravity">Gravity Wall</span></h3>
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<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2011/10/gravity-walls-design.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="120" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gravity_Walls.jpg/220px-Gravity_Walls.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-style: solid; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><br />
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<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gravity_Walls.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
Construction types of gravity retaining walls</div>
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<div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
A gravity wall depends on the weight of their mass (stone, concrete or other heavy material) to resist pressures from behind and will often have a slight 'batter' setback, to improve stability by leaning back into the retained soil. For short landscaping wall, it is often made from mortarless stone or segmental concrete units (masonry units). Dry-stacked gravity walls are somewhat flexible and do not require a rigid footing in frost areas. Home owners who build larger gravity walls that do require a rigid concrete footing can make use of the services of a professional excavator, which will make digging a trench for the base of the gravity wall much easier.</div>
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<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2011/10/gravity-walls-design.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2tGnm5Xsp7IsOtOagKp4MqRm-NXvMl2-HIQO4d3rOtpsfrDdUr7shor0kKPZwuid6V1wMtKRXqDrlKjTVR3pI3zs_qUx8s4IpDow4AZVtbGNi2OkgipluaidR3ALo9-HSsyas3rSHyOo/s320/gravitywall.jpg" width="270" /></a></div>
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Earlier in the 20th century, taller retaining walls were often a gravity wall was made from large masses of concrete or stone. Today, taller retaining walls are increasingly built as composite gravity walls such as: </div>
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<li>geosynthetic and with precast facing;</li>
</ul>
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<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2011/10/gravity-walls-design.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTKlckclW1AtkbF3ltWWG6ScaFkqUCmNrxDfuyr2Nsl1Q1R5ac0zLhyyfMIFSMiCiQyuDkQWdcDB_DwUgSZ0_JYGDm_WXwcsFJUc-xIXE5ubaCrnI5Eqc8hwqYlfR0aJfkaTYElnxI6Mc/s400/t-block-retaining-wall-system.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"> </span></span><br />
<ul style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;">
<li> <a href="http://www.hy-tengabions.com/technical_publications/design_guide.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">gabions</a> (stacked steel wire baskets filled with rocks); </li>
</ul>
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<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2011/10/gravity-walls-design.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6-ZW6wuWBYhjOXGOx-eH0J8qkQTpOz8TvisysHzIIZoLMaSYMS7DsAqnMf-TwhbQFSpHHw1PJ-sB8VwoWzVX145b1mqpQwur0cxk9BOi5UCn4RCQ4PLgH-B9_IQrRZEpCQH2NhYzoYkg/s1600/gabion_rw2.jpg" /></a></div>
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</span></span><br />
<ul style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;">
<li>crib walls (cells built up log cabin style from precast concrete or timber and filled with soil);</li>
</ul>
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<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2011/10/gravity-walls-design.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOGOa4WvaaUFdMFxpt8w24ZgMNugqmXsAg9fn2E_YcbAcpcWCQbgHxgvHUdmTdrFQoJKvPRY-0GDvdCFUrhXKE9UL3Vwp0FqnFjKUT6r8Tc3N7VZXC31hp3oh8Gouu76iLVZDPjsWQHDc/s320/cribwall_diag.jpg" width="308" /></a></div>
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<ul style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;">
<li> or soil-nailed walls (soil reinforced in place with steel and concrete rods).</li>
</ul>
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<a href="http://retainingwalldesign.blogspot.ro/2011/10/gravity-walls-design.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCjngjrsIYHmv7IeCQMQqxbWMEfCcitP_QFHU87SIT2q12UogVWZNhIhh7S9-7r_EqwShGq8E2oLLjswf4OmBexfe8V0nbvh9Zo6Z_TDa-eTVgIIjTURMKyqfzAklQDjAvuhOFpvNpKS0/s640/soil_nail.gif" width="584" /></a></div>
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<div>
For an advanced design we recommend first studying a hand calculation that you can download by clicking - <a data-mce-href="http://www.finesoftware.eu/references/verification-manuals/" href="http://www.finesoftware.eu/references/verification-manuals/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>here</strong></span> </a>,and then downloading the <strong>GEO5-demo version</strong> that inludes the Gravity Retaining Wall Modul,download page that you can access by clicking -<a data-mce-href="http://www.finesoftware.eu/download/demo/" href="http://www.finesoftware.eu/download/demo/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong> here</strong></span></a> .<br />
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Chris LOKhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11207884728918808239noreply@blogger.com1